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AI agents on WhatsApp already account for 10% of Probel's digital sales

A Probel, a pioneer Brazilian brand with more than eight decades of experience in the mattress market, started generating about 10% of its digital sales through WhatsApp after adopting conversational artificial intelligence solutions in customer service. OmniChat, a leading platform in chat commerce and WhatsApp Business Solution Provider (BSP), also allowed to automate 83% of interactions, reduce the average response time from a few hours to a few seconds and achieve a conversion rate of 8.5% even in a purchase process considered complex.

The change marked an inflection in the company's digital strategy, which began to structure WhatsApp not only as a relationship channel, but as an effective point of sale, capable of operating 24 hours a day and capturing opportunities outside business hours. Today, one in three sales by the Meta app already occurs between 18h and 23h, a range historically difficult to meet with traditional teams.

Before implementation, Probel faced common challenges to the retail of durable goods, such as the difficulty of scaling digital service without expanding teams, the high volume of contacts concentrated in the night and the consumer's resistance to complete online the purchase of a product that traditionally involves face-to-face experimentation. There were still limitations in the automation of processes such as recovery of abandoned carts and the integration between service and e-commerce.

“The main learning was to understand that technology does not replace strategy, but enhances it. Artificial intelligence has helped us improve the customer experience and make more informed decisions from the data generated by conversations,”, says Ricardo Pinto, Head of Ecommerce at Probel.

The strategy adopted involved the implementation of a conversational sales operation supported by artificial intelligence, especially Whizz Agent, OmniChat's autonomous agent. The technology was structured from the mapping of more than 500 frequently asked questions from the sales and SAC areas, starting to answer technical and advisory questions, conduct personalized services and operate continuously, 24 hours a day.

In addition to accounting for a significant share of digital sales, the drastic reduction in response time contributed to accelerate decision making and reduce losses due to lack of service, especially outside business hours, as well as positively impacting the consumer experience, with a drop in returns, attributed to more accurate recommendations, and recovery of abandoned carts with positive financial return.

“The Probel experience shows how artificial intelligence can take a central role in the buying journey, going beyond basic customer service.When well trained and integrated into business processes, AI starts to operate as an effective relationship and sales channel,”, says Mauricio Trezub, co-founder and CEO of OmniChat.

As next steps, Probel aims to advance personalization initiatives, test promotional campaigns directly through WhatsApp, and scale up the use of AI as part of its digital growth plan.

With a high of 43% in sales in e-commerce, “Dias de Beleza” gains prominence in the retail calendar of the Boticario Group

“Dias de Beleza”, the proprietary campaign of Grupo Boticario, arrives at its third consolidated edition as one of the main dates of the company's commercial calendar. Held from May 18 to 24, the initiative reinforces its relevance after registering, last year, growth of 43% in e-commerce sales in relation to the previous year. In the digital channel, the campaign is already among the most important moments for Grupo 2 it is behind Beauty November in revenue and in 2025 demonstrated its commercial strength by surpassing in 17% the performance of the first week of Consumer Week.

This year, “Dias de Beleza” brings together seven brands from the Group's ecosystem: Apothecary, Who Said, Berenice?, Vult, Eudora, TRUSS, O.U.i Paris and Dr. JONES, with discounts of up to 60% on more than 500 products, with, reinforcing the look of the brand ecosystem from the diversity of categories of the company. The strategy maintains its consistency and advances in the international context with The Apothecary, brand that participates in another edition of the campaign in Portugal with a selection of products with discounts up to 50%.

“We created Dias de Beleza with the aim of strengthening our brands in the digital segment, attracting new consumers to our products and services. More than a promotional campaign, we offer the consumer quality products in an omnichannel journey, with customization, assertive content and convenience of purchase”, he comments Livia Masiero, Executive Director of e-commerce at Grupo Boticario.

Present on all channels

One of the main pillars of the strategy is omnichannel performance, connecting e-commerce, physical stores, direct selling and B2B in a fluid journey. The integration is also reflected in the logistics operation, especially the delivery model Click & Remove, which allows order pickup within three hours & % with the expectation that 60% will be available within 30 minutes. In addition, the Group has expanded multichannel by allowing Boticario stores to function as a withdrawal point for products from other brands in the portfolio, such as Who Said, Berenice? and Eudora. In delivery, the company maintains competitive deadlines, with an average of 2 working days and 70% of deliveries made within one business day, with, in addition to testing even more agile modalities, such as deliveries within three hours in cities such as Barueri, Campo Grande, Niteroi, Osasco, Sao Goncalo, Maceio and Uberlandia.

The digital experience also gains prominence with the use of artificial intelligence. The Group's proprietary virtual assistant, called Beauty Expert AI developed with Amazon Web Services (AWS) technology, it acts as a facilitator of the buying journey, making, offering personalized recommendations and directing the consumer to relevant offers within the campaign. During the period, the tool has a exclusive shortcut to “Dias de Beleza”, connecting the customer to a dynamic curation of products and promotions.

The value proposition to the consumer is also expanded through benefits such as freebies on all participating brands, offers with full size items on selected stocks, plus advantages in the loyalty program, which includes free shipping to gold customers, points accumulation and cashback.

Another highlight is the investment in content and engagement. During the promotional period, the lives play a strategic role in connecting with the public, functioning as a dynamic showcase for presenting a curation with the best offers and products of the campaign. Transmissions will take place in profiles of the brands Boticario and Eudora, over 7 days, totaling, on average, 8 lives and 4 retransmissions, distributed in different schedules and formats.

The action also extends to partner marketplaces of Grupo Boticario, with emphasis on the campaign in the Mercado Livre. The strategy also includes the recent arrival of the brands to the Shopee Official Stores, with the realization of two broadcasts in partnership with the platform, focused on Eudora, Who Said, Berenice? and Vult. At the TikTok Shop, the initiative brings together different formats of lives, with the protagonism of brands Apothecary and Eudora.

For Grupo Boticario, the “Dias de Beleza” now plays a strategic role in consolidating its own date capable of generating anticipation, engagement and recurrence. The expectation is that the campaign will continue to evolve as one of the main moments of the calendar, with the potential to become an event increasingly awaited by Brazilian consumers.

Human interaction becomes a differential for companies

In a world increasingly taken by integrations with artificial intelligence and surrounded by the so-called “bots” of service, some companies are finding the opposite way a way to stand out: human service.

According to a survey by Opinion Box released in April this year, consumers said they were willing to wait about 5 minutes, 32%, for a response in an interaction with companies, after that, they leave for another and close with those who respond faster, 19% of respondents wait only one minute:

“Esse is the challenge, to understand that the consumer wants a quick and assertive response in less than 5 minutes, but prefers to be served by a human than to answer questions from a” bot, says Thiago Andrade, social media manager at KAKOI Communication.

Andrade says that the presence of WhatsApp in all mobile devices has brought a false sense of ease at work, which has relegated service to something accessory and not paramount and, while brands invest in ads to increase demand generation, do not invest in personalized service:

“Just remember the old role of the operator.Serving the customer was something so important that people were assigned only to this function, something that hardly occurs with the service in WhatsApp. Few companies have a department focused on this, prefer to invest in artificial intelligence with bots, gain in scale, lose in the” experience, he explains.

VIP Experience

Some companies in Europe are already starting to invest in personalized customer service experiences, depending on their customer profile: if you have the gold level, for example, you are entitled to human service; bronze falls in an artificial intelligence center:

“It is important to note that the use of AI is here to stay and should be applied to facilitate service, both by companies and by the consumer side, but creating experiences that reward loyalty, such as a concierge, for example, should be the closest way to union between these worlds”, concludes Andrade.

70% of digital transformations fail and the problem is rarely software 

Data consolidated in April 2026 by TI Inside and corroborated by McKinsey indicate that 70% of digital transformation initiatives in companies fail.For Virgilio Marques dos Santos, PhD in Engineering from Unicamp and founding partner of FM2S Education and Consulting, the problem is not necessarily in the technology adopted, but in the way organizations lead the change.

According to the expert, there are three recurring illusions that lead to the collapse of these projects: the belief that technology replaces process strategy, the misalignment between incentives and operation, and the use of digital transformation as a symbol of modernization, without real structural changes. 

The first illusion is to believe that implementing technology is equivalent to transforming processes. “The most common mistake of leadership is to superimpose modern systems on dysfunctional and highly bureaucratic organizational structures.In this scenario, the company only creates an electronic bureaucracy. Automating an inefficiency does not solve the problem; it only increases the speed with which waste happens”, says Santos. 

Institutional redesign needs to come before technological implementation. Without reviewing flows, responsibilities and operational bottlenecks, digitalization tends only to sophisticated old problems.

McKinsey data shows that companies that actively engage employees during the change process are up to eight times more likely to succeed. Still, many organizations implement new tools without reviewing metrics, goals, or forms of evaluation.

“Leadership imposes a new tool from top to bottom, completely changes the routine of those who operate value generation, but maintains the same charges and indicators of the previous model.The worker perceives operational risk and creates parallel mechanisms to ensure the delivery”, he explains.

According to Santos, it is in this context that the so-called“hidden spreadsheets and informal controls arise, which coexist with official corporate systems.”O the system fails because incentives remain misaligned. Technology changes, but organizational logic remains the same“, he points out.

The third illusion, according to the manager, is deeper and involves the corporate culture itself.“Transforming a company requires facing internal conflicts, dismantling power fiefdoms, admitting vulnerabilities and going through a temporary period of lost productivity.

In this scenario, the acquisition of great technological solutions can work as a kind of symbolic shortcut. “Signing a millionaire contract with a big tech generates the immediate sense of modernization. The purchase of technology becomes a comfortable alibi to avoid the wear and tear of the management of the CHANGE”, he says.

In Santos“ assessment, digital transformation only produces sustainable results when it is treated as a broad organizational change ¡ ̄ and not just as a technological update.”The illusion of transformation is bought so as not to have to pay the price of the real effort”, he states. Without alignment between culture, operation and strategy, digitalization risks only expanding existing inefficiencies under an appearance of modernization

E-commerce: conversion can grow up to 5x with integration between data, operation and service 

Between click and delivery of e-commerce, a chain of simultaneous and integrated decisions supports each order and there is no room for failure. Applications analyzed by Quality Digital indicate that integration between different fronts of the journey can boost results, with cases such as Osklen, which record growth of up to five times in the conversion of order recovery into conversational channels by connecting data, service and execution throughout the process. Each order runs a continuous sequence of decisions executed simultaneously so that the journey works consistently.

Inspired by the logic of transport networks, Quality Digital's digital operation organizes e-commerce as a structure in which different flows operate in a parallel and interdependent manner. B2C, B2B, D2C, marketplace and omnichannel appear as lines that intersect along the journey and connect to critical points that support execution. Decisions related to catalog, price, availability, payment, order management, logistics and delivery cease to act in isolation and begin to compose an integrated network, in which performance depends on the consistency between data and systems. 

The proposal defended displaces the traditional reading of digital commerce, which for a long time was organized sequentially. By positioning the request as a central element, the model shows that the continuity of the journey depends on the coordination between multiple layers that operate at the same time. “A sale is no longer an isolated event and has become data-driven throughout the operation. When this base is organized, it is possible to measure direct impact on conversion, average ticket and” recurrence, says Julio Britto, CEO of Quality Digital.  

The expansion of channels and integrations has raised the level of operational complexity in companies. Commerce platforms, order management systems, payment methods, logistics solutions and customer relationship tools have started to act simultaneously, requiring continuous synchronization. With the reduction of manual intervention, response time decreases, while inconsistencies tend to propagate with greater speed throughout the operation. 

E-commerce performance is increasingly associated with execution capacity. Demand generation loses relevance when the operational structure does not sustain the journey to delivery.Inaccurate information at checkout, inventory divergences and logistic misalignments affect the consumer experience, increase costs and impact the perception of brand value. 

According to Roberto Ave Faria, director of Quality Digital, the execution of the journey needs to combine operational precision with capacity to adapt to demand.“The concept of delivery promise works as a delivery deadline contract and is decisive for the finalization of the purchase, after all, any deviation directly impacts the conversion and consumer confidence”, he says. The executive also highlights the need for evolution in the way retail works the hyperpersonalization of the experience. “In the concept of home for you, the digital showcase starts to be assembled according to the profile, history and customer interest.It is no use to offer everything to everyone. 

Currently, in the digital commerce scenario, the sustainable growth of e-commerce depends less on the increase in volume and more on the ability to coordinate decisions in an integrated way. With the expansion of digital channels and the increase in the connections necessary to support each order, operational efficiency begins to define the limit between growth with profitability and loss of performance. By making this structure visible, the model presented contributes to a more accurate understanding of the factors that determine the result in digital commerce.

Brazilian retail grows 1.2% in the first three months of 2026, says Mastercard SpendingPulse

The first quarter of 2026 saw growth in Brazilian retail. According to Mastercard SpendingPulse, which measures retail sales in physical and online stores representing all payment types, the industry recorded average growth of 1.2% in the 1st quarter of this year compared to the same period in 2025.

In all, 10 sectors of the economy were analyzed, seven of them with performance above the national average. “The result of the 1st quarter reinforces the resilience of the Brazilian consumer, especially the restaurant sector, which presented strong dynamism.The Midwest region continues as a positive highlight, while we observe growth opportunities in sectors such as furniture and decoration, for example.”, says Gustavo Arruda, Chief Economist for Latin America at the Mastercard Economics Institute (MEI).

Sectors that have grown the most

In the performance by sectors, some went from 6% and even reached the double-digit level. The main positive highlights were Restaurants (10,1%), Pharmacies (9,6%), Hosting (6,5%). In contrast, others showed more restrained performance, such as Supermarkets (-1,5%) and Furniture and decoration (-4,4%), for example.

Performance by region

In the regional cut, 11 of the 27 federative units outperformed the average growth of the country, indicating a heterogeneous consumption pace between the different regions.

All regions had positive results.The Midwest led growth with 2.5%, while the Southeast recorded the lowest advance (0.1%). The two states with the best performance were Pernambuco (5.4%) and Parana (4.1%), with the Federal District then advancing 4%.

ifood announces national campaign for deliverymen with bag and official CBF items, additional earnings and experiences

IFood, a Brazilian technology company, announces a special program aimed at deliverymen throughout Brazil during the biggest football event of the year. With the concept “O game starts on the street”, the campaign connects the daily lives of those who work on the streets daily to the way Brazilians live football in cities, bringing together exclusive clothing distribution, promotional campaigns, experiences linked to the tournament and activations at the platform's support points.

Among the highlights are bags, UV T-shirts, jackets and official CBF hoodies that will be distributed throughout the months of May and June in 12 Brazilian cities: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Belo Horizonte, Recife, Salvador, Curitiba, Brasilia, Goiania, Fortaleza, Porto Alegre and Campinas. Information on invitations, challenges and distribution of items will be communicated directly by the application of the deliverymen.

The distribution will be aimed at deliverymen invited by the platform, with priority for the category Super IO who are the deliverymen with the best performance of the platform, but will also feature actions for deliverymen of the regular basis.

The program also includes campaigns with additional earning opportunities, such as the “Time mechanics on the” track, which allows a deliveryman to assemble his team of deliverymen and win up to R$5 thousand additional for these nominations, and other raffle campaigns, as well as experiences connected to the tournament climate. Among them are the participation of deliverymen in the farewell game of the Brazilian national team at Maracana, actions in the iFood Shirt 10 Arenas in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, participation of deliverymen in the farewell carriage of the Brazilian national team, events of changing stickers and distribution of exclusive items, including autographed jerseys by the national team.

In the coming months, the more than 41 iFood support points distributed throughout Brazil also enter the competition climate.In different regions of the country, deliverymen will be able to participate in actions with thematic setting, distribution of gifts, award-winning turn and living areas. The program provides activations in cities in the Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, South and North regions of the country.

The campaign also includes cultural actions inspired by the way football is lived on the streets of Brazil, with street painting initiatives and experiences connected to the daily life of cities during the tournament period, iFood will be with Rocinha deliverymen and influencer Ruan Juliet in an action that will reform a court in the community that will be used for a tournament of local deliverymen.

In addition to face-to-face programming, iFood prepares an unprecedented experience within the deliveryman's application. During the campaign period, the app will have a thematic visual identity, special content and a central dedicated to the activations and experiences of the platform. The space will gather challenges, information about the programming and news in one place.

“When the Brazilian football team enters the field, it transforms the routine of the cities, moves the streets and creates moments of encounter that are part of the Brazilian culture. As the deliverymen are on the streets all the time, and live this daily life, we think of a program that would bring them even closer to this experience throughout the tournament. The idea of the campaign is precisely to connect the football climate with those who are on the streets daily, creating opportunities for recognition, coexistence, entertainment and special experiences during this period”, says Beatriz Pentagna, director of B2B marketing at iFood.

With a program that combines recognition, entertainment and earning opportunities, iFood reinforces its commitment to valuing deliverymen throughout the country.For more information about the schedule, deliverymen can follow the official channels of the platform.

Automation advances in logistics, but structural failures still hamper operational efficiency

Investment in logistics automation has been growing rapidly in Brazil and worldwide, driven by the need to gain efficiency and, at the same time, by increased operational complexity, pressure to reduce costs and increasing difficulty in hiring and retaining labor.In distribution centers, logistics hubs and intralogistics operations, the need to process more volume, with more speed and fewer errors, has placed technology at the center of operational strategy.

However, although investment in automation advances, many companies still face difficulties to transform technology into real efficiency. Problems such as flow management failures, low standardization of processes, excessive manual steps and lack of integration between systems continue to limit the expected gains.

According to Fortune Business Insights projections, the global logistics robotics market is expected to grow by about 13.9% per year by 2030. Already a Deloitte survey points out that more than 75% of companies already adopt some level of intralogistic automation. Despite this, the adoption of new technologies is not always accompanied by a structural review of the operation.

In practice, the scenario reveals a mismatch between investment and execution. Many organizations direct resources to advanced technologies, such as robots and automated systems, without first solving structural and basic issues of the operation, such as process organization, layout design, flow organization and, especially, data visibility and integration between logistics steps.

This challenge becomes even more critical in the face of labor shortages.With leaner teams and greater difficulty to fill operational positions, automation is no longer just an alternative to gain productivity and becomes a tool to support the continuity of the operation.

“There is a tendency to look at automation as an immediate solution, especially when the company is already pressured by volume, cost or lack of manpower.The challenge, as many think, is not only in the application of technology, but in the ability to implement it consistently so that it is scalable and aligned with the reality of the” operation, says Murilo Namura, Head of Equipment at Pitney Bowes, a global company that provides technology, logistics and services worldwide.

According to the executive, one of the main errors is in the timing of the investment. Many companies only seek more robust solutions when the operation already has relevant bottlenecks, such as delays, rework, low productivity, accumulation of orders or difficulty absorbing demand peaks. In these cases, the implementation can become more complex, costly and sensitive to the operational routine.

“When automation is thought of reactively, it needs to solve problems that could have been avoided with planning. Therefore, before investing in technology, it is essential to map processes, understand bottlenecks, assess the dependence on manual tasks and identify where automation can really generate” impact, adds Namura.

Deloitte says organizations that implement automation reactively after disorganized growth can experience up to 30% higher costs, as well as face increased adaptation time and increased risk of disruption during the transition.

For Pitney Bowes, logistics automation should be seen as part of a structured operational efficiency strategy, not as an emergency response. This includes not only the adoption of equipment and systems, but also the redesign of internal flows, integration between logistics steps, use of data for decision making and preparation of the operation to gain scale.

“The difference is not in isolated technology, but in the ability to transform this investment into real efficiency in everyday life. Companies that can do this in an integrated and continuous way are the ones that need to process more volume, with fewer people and greater control intelligently and with the lowest possible ROI”, concludes the spokesperson.

Millennials in the crosshairs of fraud: almost 600 thousand profiles were targeted by e-commerce scams in 2025, says Serasa Experian

Millennial profiles were the most used in attempts at fraud in e-commerce throughout 2025, with 599.9 thousand occurrences associated with generation Serasa Experian, first and largest datatech in Brazil, which also shows a clear pattern in the choice of targets simulated by scammers: the top 3 of the ranking is formed by groups known for their presence in the digital environment and already established financial life, also bringing together Gen Z, with 505.5 thousand diligences, and Generation X, with 297.1 thousand.

“When we look at e-commerce in depth, we realize that fraudsters do not act randomly: they seek profiles that make sense within the dynamics of each channel, category and means of payment. Understanding which consumers are most imitated in these attacks is essential to better calibrate prevention models and protect the operation without compromising the customer experience”, says Director of Authentication and Fraud Prevention, Rodrigo Sanchez.

Although generation Y leads in absolute volume, proportional reading changes the ranking. Gen Z presented the highest risk rate among the groups analyzed (2,2%). Rodrigo explains that at first glance, the percentage may seem low, but it represents the share of requests in which there was a suspicion of fraud within that group. The finding means that the fraudulent pressure on Gen Z was the most intense of the cutout. Among the named generations, the Boomers appear in the sequence, with 1,1%. It also draws attention to the category “Other”, which gathers outside the groups, Z, more graphic rate Y, more detailed 1, more graphic, more than Boomers 1.

In the average ticket cutout, almost all generations registered average value of attempted fraud above R$ 1 thousand. The exception was Gen Z, with R$ 990.11. At the other end, the Alpha generation had the highest average ticket fraud, R$ 1,821.15, 56.3% above the registered in the attempts associated with millennials, which appear soon after, with R$ 1,165.The data indicates that, when the criminals try to reproduce the behavior of this generation also 4, the more robust ones are already.

Methodology

The survey considers the requests analyzed by the fraud risk models of Serasa Experian between January 1 and December 31, 2025, in the e-commerce, marketplace, direct sale and app delivery channels, consolidated on a single basis. In the study, “ fraud attempts correspond to orders classified as suspected fraud, confirmed fraud or with chargeback (CBK). For generational segmentation purposes, buyers were grouped into the following age groups: Alpha generation, up to 15 years; GENERATION Z, from 16 to 3 years, from 4 to 4 years considered Buyers, Generation 14 years to 4 years.

Americanas records growth of 7.8% in Same Store Sales in the first four months of the year

Americanas today released its results for the first quarter of 2026 (1Q26), reaffirming its trajectory of structural transformation and operational efficiency.With a strategy focused on the profitability of physical stores and the acceleration of the O2O (Online-to-Offline) model, the company presented significant advances on all its business fronts, reporting a 20% growth in consolidated Gross Revenue over the same period a year earlier.

“The results consolidate the consistency of our strategy, focusing on physical retail and a repositioned digital, working the assets we already have: our team, stores and consumers”, says Fernando Soares, CEO of Americanas.

Reference in the Easter event in retail, Americanas highlights the vision of the quarter for comparability purposes due to the partial sale of the event (40%) having occurred in March. In the period, performance was led by the physical retail and O2O segment. The Same Stores Sales Indicator (Same Store Sale or SSS) showed a jump of 7.8% in the first four months of the year (4M26), driven by the success of major seasonal events such as Easter, which reached a new record of R$ 1.1 billion in sales, up 10% from 2025, and the Back to School campaign, with SSS growth of 8.8%. Sales per square meter increased 11.2% in 4M26, reflecting the strategy of operational optimization and evolution of the in-store experience.

Digital advances and Services grows 19% in first quarter

The new digital design reinforced the complementary role of the channel in the physical store experience and consolidated O2O as the main growth vector in the first quarter. The delivery model from physical stores recorded a 56% advance of Gross Revenue in 1Q26. The greater integration between online and offline has allowed the volume of orders placed by the Americanas website and app and by partner delivery platforms to practically double, taking advantage of the capillarity of the 1,448 physical stores. “A strong loss reduction in the channel follows an operational improvement agenda that has been going on since last year and is a result of the sale, expense control and intense execution of the strategic PLAN”, comments the executive.

As part of the journey of evolution of the customer experience, the services and loyalty front presented robust indicators, with the program “Cliente a” reaching the mark of almost 1 million participants. These customers demonstrate a superior engagement, with average spending 3.1 times higher than the others. Already in the financial aspect, the credit card surpassed R$ 1.0 billion in total volume of payments (TPV) accumulated, while the services front registered growth of 19% in 1Q26, with a record conversion into extended guarantees.

Efficiency gains and cost reductions

Operating developments are also reflected in financial discipline and cost control.Americanas recorded a 4.3 percentage point reduction in sales, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) as a percentage of Net Revenue. This efficiency gain, coupled with commercial performance, allowed the company to evolve in Adjusted EBITDA in ex-IFRS 16¹ criterion, which ended the first quarter in negative R$ 186 million, which resulted in a, a significant improvement of R$ 56 million over 1Q25.
“This transformation comes from a great financial discipline and the better understanding and care of our 40 million active” clients, says Fernando Soares.

(1) Adjusted EBITDA ex-IFRS 16 excludes RJ expenses and research, asset write-downs, haircuts arising from PRJ approval and effects of self-regulatory taxes, and includes rent payments.