Ikoreshwa rya biometrics ryarushijeho kwiyongera muri Brezili mu myaka ya vuba aha – 82% by'Abanyabrezili basanzwe bakoresha ikoranabuhanga rya biometrics mu kwemeza, bitewe no koroshya no gushakisha umutekano mu buryo bwimbitse muri serivisi z'ikoranabuhanga. Baba bakoresha amabanki binyuze mu kumenya isura cyangwa gukoresha ibikumwe kugira ngo bemeze kwishyura, biometrics yabaye "CPF nshya" (umusoreshwa wo muri Brezili) mu bijyanye no kwiranga, bigatuma inzira zihuta kandi zoroshye.
Ariko, uburiganya bukomeje kwiyongera bwagaragaje imbogamizi z'iki gisubizo: muri Mutarama 2025 gusa, muri Brezili hagaragaye uburiganya bugera kuri miliyoni 1.24, bwiyongereyeho 41.6% ugereranije n'umwaka ushize - bingana n'uburiganya bumwe bwageragejwe buri masegonda 2.2. Igice kinini cy'ibi bitero cyibasira cyane cyane sisitemu zo kwemeza amakuru mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga. Amakuru aturuka kuri Serasa Experian agaragaza ko mu 2024, uburiganya bwageragejwe kuri banki n'amakarita y'inguzanyo bwiyongereyeho 10.4% ugereranije no mu 2023, bingana na 53.4% by'uburiganya bwose bwanditswe muri uwo mwaka.
Iyo ubu buriganya budakumirwa, bwashoboraga guteza igihombo kingana na miliyari 51.6 z'amadolari y'Amerika. Uku kwiyongera kw'ubukungu bigaragaza impinduka mu miterere: abajura barimo guhindura amayeri yabo vuba kurusha mbere hose. Nk'uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Serasa bubigaragaza, kimwe cya kabiri cy'Abanyabrezili (50.7%) bakorewe uburiganya bwo mu ikoranabuhanga mu 2024, iki kikaba ari ukwiyongera kwa 9 ku ijana ugereranyije n'umwaka ushize, naho 54.2% by'aba bahohotewe bahombye amafaranga.
Irindi sesengura ryerekana ko ibyaha by’ikoranabuhanga byiyongereyeho 45% mu gihugu mu 2024, kimwe cya kabiri cy’abahohotewe bakaba barashutswe n’uburiganya. Bitewe n’iyi mibare, umuryango w’umutekano uribaza uti: niba biometrics yasezeranyije kurinda abakoresha n’inzego, kuki abajura bahora basa n’aho bateye intambwe imwe imbere?
Uburiganya butuma umuntu adasobanukirwa isura n'ibikumwe
Igice kimwe cy'igisubizo kiri mu buryo udutsiko tw'ikoranabuhanga dukoresha mu kuyobya uburyo bwo gukoresha uburyo bwa biometric. Mu mezi ashize, hagaragaye imanza zidasanzwe. I Santa Catarina, itsinda ry'abatekamutwe ryashutse abantu bagera kuri 50 mu buryo bwihishe rishaka amakuru y'isura y'abakiriya - umukozi w'itumanaho yiganye kugurisha imirongo ya terefone kugira ngo afate amashusho n'inyandiko by'abakiriya, nyuma akoresha ayo makuru mu gufungura konti za banki no gufata inguzanyo mu mazina y'abahohotewe.
Muri Minas Gerais, abagizi ba nabi barenzeho: biyitaga abakozi bo kohereza amaposita kugira ngo bakusanye ibikumwe n'amafoto by'abaturage, bagamije kwirengagiza umutekano wa banki. Mu yandi magambo, abatekamutwe ntibibasira ikoranabuhanga ubwaryo gusa, ahubwo banakoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'imibereho myiza y'abaturage - bigatuma abantu batanga amakuru yabo bwite batabizi. Impuguke ziburira ko na sisitemu zifatwa nk'izikomeye zishobora gushukwa.
Ikibazo ni uko gukwirakwiza biometrics byateje umutekano mu buryo butari bwo: abakoresha bibwira ko, kubera ko ari biometrics, kwemeza ko ari nta kabuza.
Mu bigo bifite ingamba zo kwirinda zidakomeye cyane, abajura batsinda bakoresheje uburyo bworoshye, nk'amafoto cyangwa ibishushanyo kugira ngo bigane imiterere y'umubiri. Urugero, icyitwa "uburiganya bw'intoki za silicone", kimaze kumenyekana cyane: abagizi ba nabi bashyira filime zibonerana ku bikoresho by'intoki kuri ATM kugira ngo bibe ibishushanyo by'umukiriya hanyuma bagakora ibishushanyo bya silicone by'impimbano bakoresheje urwo rutoki, bagakura amafaranga mu buryo butemewe no kohereza amafaranga. Amabanki avuga ko yamaze gukoresha uburyo bwo kurwanya - ibyuma bipima ubushyuhe, impumuro y'umutima, n'ibindi biranga urutoki ruzima, bigatuma ibishushanyo by'impimbano bitagira icyo bitanga.
Nubwo bimeze gutyo, hari ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe by’ubu buriganya bigaragaza ko nta mbogamizi ya biometric ishobora guterwa n’igerageza ryo kubyirinda. Ikindi kintu giteye impungenge ni ugukoresha amayeri yo kwigira mu mibanire y’abantu kugira ngo abakiriya ubwabo babone amafoto cyangwa scan zo mu maso. Ishyirahamwe ry’amabanki ryo muri Brezili (Febraban) ryatangaje ko hari ubwoko bushya bw’uburiganya aho abatekamutwe basaba "amafoto yo kwemeza" ku bakorewe ihohoterwa bakoresheje ibinyoma. Urugero, biyita abakozi ba banki cyangwa INSS (Ikigo cy’Ubwiteganyirize bw’Imibereho Myiza cyo muri Brezili), basaba ifoto y’isura "kugira ngo bavugurure iyandikwa" cyangwa batange inyungu idahari - mu by’ukuri, bakoresha iyi selfie kugira ngo biyitirire umukiriya muri sisitemu yo kugenzura isura.
Kwirengagiza gusa – nko gufata ifoto ubisabwe n'umuntu ufatwa nk'umuntu utanga serivisi zo kubyara cyangwa umukozi wo mu rwego rw'ubuzima – bishobora guha abanyabyaha "urufunguzo" rwo kwinjira muri konti z'abandi bantu.
Deepfakes na AI: umupaka mushya w'uburiganya
Nubwo gushuka abantu ari ingamba ikoreshwa cyane, abanyabyaha bakomeye ubu nabo ni imashini zishuka. Aha niho iterabwoba ry’ubujura bukabije - gukoresha ijwi n’ishusho mu buryo bugezweho hakoreshejwe ubwenge bw’ubukorano - hamwe n’ubundi buryo bwo guhimba inyandiko mpimbano mu ikoranabuhanga buza, ubuhanga bwateye imbere cyane kuva mu 2023 kugeza mu 2025.
Urugero, muri Gicurasi umwaka ushize, Polisi ya Leta yatangije igikorwa cyo "Kureba inyuma" nyuma yo kumenya umugambi wo kwiba konti zigera ku 3.000 ku rubuga rwa Guverinoma hakoreshejwe uburyo bw'impimbano bwo gupima isura. Itsinda ry'abagizi ba nabi ryakoresheje ubuhanga buhanitse cyane kugira ngo ryigire abakoresha bemewe kuri gov.br, rushyira hamwe uburyo bwo kugera kuri serivisi rusange ibihumbi n'ibihumbi.
Abashakashatsi bagaragaje ko abatekamutwe bakoresheje videwo zahinduwe, amashusho yahinduwe na AI, ndetse n'udupfukamunwa twa 3D kugira ngo bashuke uburyo bwo kumenya isura. Mu yandi magambo, biganye imiterere y'isura y'abantu ba gatatu - harimo n'abapfuye - kugira ngo biyitirire kandi babone inyungu z'amafaranga zijyanye n'izo konti. Bakoresheje uburyo bwo guhumeka neza, kumwenyura, cyangwa guhindukiza imitwe, bashoboye no kwirinda imikorere yo kumenya ubuzima, yakozwe neza kugira ngo bamenye niba hari umuntu nyawe imbere ya kamera.
Ibyavuye muri urwo rubanza ni uburyo bwo kubona amafaranga mu buryo butemewe bugomba kwishyurwa n’abagenerwabikorwa bemewe gusa, ndetse no kwemeza inguzanyo z’imishahara mu buryo butemewe kuri porogaramu ya Meu INSS hakoreshejwe ubwo buryo bw’ibanga. Uru rubanza rwagaragaje neza ko yego, bishoboka kurenga ku bipimo by’isura - ndetse no muri sisitemu nini kandi zizewe - iyo hari ibikoresho bikwiye.
Mu rwego rw’abikorera ku giti cyabo, ibintu ntibitandukanye. Mu Ukwakira 2024, Polisi y’Igihugu yo mu Karere ka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yakoze igikorwa cyo "DeGenerative AI", basenya agatsiko kazobereye mu kwinjira muri konti za banki zo mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga bakoresheje porogaramu z’ubutasi bw’ubukorano. Aba bagizi ba nabi bagerageje inshuro zirenga 550 kwinjira muri konti z’abakiriya, bakoresheje amakuru yabo bwite yamenetse n’uburyo bwo guhimba kugira ngo bakore amashusho y’abafite konti bityo bemeze inzira zo gufungura konti nshya mu mazina y’abahohotewe no gukoresha terefone zigendanwa nk’aho ari izabo.
Bivugwa ko iri tsinda ryashoboye kwimura miliyoni 110 z'amadolari y'Amerika binyuze kuri konti z'abantu ku giti cyabo n'iz'ibigo byemewe n'amategeko, rigakura amafaranga mu masoko atandukanye, mbere y'uko uburiganya bwinshi buhagarikwa n'igenzura ry'imbere mu mabanki.
Uretse biometrics
Ku rwego rw'amabanki yo muri Brezili, kwiyongera kw'ubu bujura bw'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho bitera ikibazo gikomeye. Amabanki yashoye imari nyinshi mu myaka icumi ishize kugira ngo yimurire abakiriya bayo kugira ngo babone uburyo bwo gukoresha imiyoboro y'ikoranabuhanga, akoresha uburyo bwo gupima isura n'ibikumwe nk'imbogamizi mu kurwanya uburiganya.
Ariko, uburiganya buherutse kwiyongera bugaragaza ko kwishingikiriza gusa ku biyometrike bishobora kuba bidahagije. Abatekamutwe bakoresha amakosa y’abantu n’icyuho cy’ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo biyitirire abaguzi, kandi ibi bisaba ko umutekano ushyirwaho mu nzego nyinshi n’ibintu byo kwemeza, ntibikomeze gushingira ku kintu kimwe "cy’ubumaji".
Bitewe n'iki kibazo kigoye, impuguke zihuriza ku nama imwe: gukoresha uburyo bwo kwemeza ibintu byinshi n'uburyo bw'umutekano butandukanye. Ibi bivuze guhuza ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye n'uburyo bwo kugenzura kugira ngo niba ikintu kimwe cyananiwe cyangwa cyangiritse, ibindi birinde uburiganya. Biometrics ubwayo ikomeza kuba ikintu cy'ingenzi - n'ubundi kandi, iyo ishyizwe mu bikorwa neza hamwe no kugenzura ubuzima no gushishoza, ibangamira cyane ibitero by'amahirwe.
Ariko, igomba gukorana n'izindi nzira zo kugenzura: ijambo ry'ibanga cyangwa PIN byoherejwe rimwe kuri telefoni igendanwa, isesengura ry'imyitwarire y'umukoresha - ibyo bita biometrics by'imyitwarire, bigaragaza imiterere yo kwandika, ikoreshwa ry'igikoresho, kandi gishobora guhanura iyo kibonye umukiriya "yitwaye mu buryo butandukanye n'ubusanzwe" - hamwe no kugenzura ibikorwa mu buryo bw'ubwenge.
Ibikoresho bya AI birimo gukoreshwa mu gufasha amabanki, kumenya ibimenyetso bitoroshye by’uburiganya mu mashusho cyangwa amajwi - urugero, gusesengura imirongo y’amajwi kugira ngo hamenyekane amajwi ya sintetike cyangwa gushaka amarangamutima ahindagurika mu mashusho ya selfie.
Amaherezo, ubutumwa bugenewe abayobozi ba banki n'abashinzwe umutekano w'amakuru burasobanutse neza: nta kintu na kimwe gishoboka. Biometrics yazanye umutekano wo hejuru ugereranije n'amagambo y'ibanga asanzwe - ku buryo uburiganya bwahindutse ahanini bujya mu gushuka abantu, aho kwica algorithms.
Ariko, abatekamutwe barimo gukoresha icyuho cyose, cyaba icy’abantu cyangwa ikoranabuhanga, kugira ngo bahagarike sisitemu za biometric. Igisubizo gikwiye gikubiyemo ikoranabuhanga rigezweho buri gihe no gukurikirana ibikorwa by’uburiganya. Abashobora guteza imbere ubwirinzi bwabo ku muvuduko umwe n’uburiganya bushya bugaragara ni bo bonyine bazashobora kurinda abakiriya babo mu gihe cy’ubutasi bw’ubukorano bubi.
Na Sylvio Sobreira Vieira, Umuyobozi mukuru & Umuyobozi ushinzwe ubujyanama muri SVX Consultoria.
